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Nickel alloys are strong and heat-resistant materials that are often used in high-performance applications such as jet-engine blades. They are also resistant to corrosion, which makes them ideal for use in deep-sea mining, where seawater can cause corrosion.
Nickel is a versatile metal element that alloys with most other metals. It gives alloys great corrosion resistance and the ability to withstand high temperatures and pressures. Here’s a quick look at five of the more common nickel alloys.
Extra-high nickel alloys (Duranickel): These all have more than 94% nickel content. Extra-high nickel alloys that have 4.75% manganese resist sulfidation at high temperatures. Duranickel 301 is an extra-high nickel alloy that has more than 94% nickel content and 4.75% manganese. It is known for its excellent spring properties, which can remain up to 600°F. It can be thermally treated to become stronger, as it undergoes a process called precipitation hardening. The corrosion resistance of this alloy is similar to that of commercially pure wrought nickel.
Nickel-molybdenum (Ni-Mo), nickel-molybdenum-chromium (Ni-Mo-Cr) alloys (Hastelloys): Alloys in this category are used for their high strength despite high temperatures and corrosive surroundings. Hastelloy B is an alloy in the Nickel-Molybdenum (Ni-Mo) and Nickel-Molybdenum-Chromium (Ni-Mo-Cr) alloy categories. It offers high strength and resistance to corrosive surroundings, such as HCl (hydrogen chloride). It also has superior creep and rupture strength at temperatures up to 1,400°F.
Nickel-molybdenum-chromium-copper (Ni-Mo-Cr-CU) alloys (Illium): Engineers often turn to these alloys, which are mostly cast, for their corrosion resistance. Wrought Illium, for example, is highly resistant to sea water, H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), HNO3 (nitric acid), and H3PO4, (phosphoric acid), as well as many fluorides. Wrought Illium’s cast counterpart is Illium G.
Nickel-copper alloys (Monel): The most common of these alloys are Monel 400, Monel R-405 (a free-machining alloy), and Monel K-500. Monel 400, Monel R-405 , and Monel K-500 are the most common nickel-copper alloys. Monel offers ready formability, a wide range of mechanical properties, and high corrosion resistance. It is strong and tough at sub-zero temperatures and is generally free from stress-corrosion cracking, except for K-500, which can be susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking when it is precipitation-hardened.
Nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) and nickel-chromium-iron (Ni-Cr-Fe) superalloys are noted for their strength and corrosion resistance at high temperatures. These alloys can be further strengthened by adding aluminum and/or titanium for precipitation hardening. Examples of precipitation-hardened alloys are 713 C, IN-100, IN-733, MAR-M200, MAM-241, Mar-M432, Inconel X-750, Rene 41, Rene 95, Waspaloy, Udimet 700, Astroloy, and Udimet 520. The strength and hardness of these alloys can be increased up to 1,300°F.
Inconel 625 is an alloy of nickel and chromium and is strengthened by adding refractory metals such as molybdenum, tungsten, and columbium. It has excellent oxidation resistance and good strength at high temperatures and can withstand thousands of hours at temperatures to 1,200°F. IN-102, Udimet620, and RA 383 are similar alloys that are also strengthened by adding refractory metals and have similar properties. Alloy HW and HX (Alloy Casting Institute designations) are casting alloys that can survive temperatures to 2,000°F.
